The Selfish Gene
by Richard Dawkins
Key takeaways
Evolution is driven by varying abilities and limited resources
- replicator: a molecule able to copy itself
The basic unit of evolution is the gene, because it can exist as multiple copies and is therefore near-immortal.
- differential survival: in a given population of entities with differing abilities, some survive and propagate while others die out.
- genes: short snippets of DNA
Genes are selfish by definition: their survival success comes at the expense of other genes.
- chromosomes
- alleles: Different versions of genes for the same characteristic
A gene’s phenotype-the way its code is manifested in its environment- determines its survival
- DNA is basically a long molecular chain constructed of four types of molecules denoted by the letters A, T, C and G.
- phenotype: the bodily manifestation of the gene
The survival success of a gene is dependent on its particular environment-both physical and genetic
- Good camouflage for a tiger is very bad camouflage for a polar bear, because of the fundamentally different environments.
Genes program the brains they build with behavioral strategies that help their survival.
- The natural environment can present an infinite number of different situations, so there is no way for an organism to have a prepared response to each one. Instead, behavioral responses are guided by ‘rules,’ which are encoded by the genes in a way that is analogous to how a computer is programmed
Competition between strategies results in a stable behavioral pattern in a population.
- “Doves,” which flee if attacked;
- “Hawks,” which always attack and fight until severely wounded;
- “Retaliators,” which behave as Doves until attacked, after which they respond as Hawks.
Neither the Hawk nor Dove is an evolutionarily stable strategy, because a population of either could be successfully invaded by the other.
Retaliators, on the other hand, aren’t injured through unnecessary aggression, but they do defend themselves if necessary (unlike the Dove). Therefore, in a population of Retaliators, neither Hawks nor Doves would be successful; the Retaliator’s strategy is evolutionarily stable.
The selfish survival drive of genes explains apparently altruistic behavior like parental care.
- Genes program behaviors that benefit their copies in other organisms, even at the expense of their own organism – but only if it produces a greater overall survival benefit to the gene.
Mutually altruistic behaviors are often successful, because they benefit the host’s genes more than purely selfish behaviors do.
- For example, ants “milk” insects called aphids for the sweet secretions they produce. The aphids might appear to be exploited in this arrangement, but in fact they gain significant protection from predation by having battle-ready ants around to protect them. Sometimes ants even raise and protect baby aphids inside anthills. Therefore, this cooperation benefits the survival of both ant genes and aphid genes. ::The end result – an increase in survival – satisfies a selfish motive, but the pathway to it is mutual altruism.::
Human culture is also subject to evolution, and its basic unit is the meme.
- Culture can be considered the equivalent of a gene pool, with the basic unit of cultural evolution being a meme instead of a gene. A meme is the smallest piece of culture with potential immortality, for example, a tune, an idea or a YouTube clip of a dancing cat.
- Separating culture from biology helps explain some of humanity’s more peculiar expressions, such as celibacy, which goes counter to biological imperatives.
Conscious human foresight can help us overcome the downsides of biological gene selfishness.
- Humans are capable of conscious foresight. Our culture, if thought of in terms of memes, has already divorced itself from biological imperatives. We may not be genetically or intrinsically altruistic, but we can use our foresight to counter gene selfishness and, at the very least, to enter into the conspiracy of Doves for our own future benefit. We may even be able to attain the true altruism that does not exist in nature.
对物种延续的思考
没有看这本书之前已经稍微了解过书里的概念,主要的一点是人类只是基因借以生存延续的外骨骼。一个极为惊人的结论,让我终日惶惶,并在当时写下了以下感想:
有时会幻想未来人类穿上外骨骼进行星际殖民,但也许人类就只是DNA的外骨骼。为什么所有的生命目标都是不断繁衍和存在?如果把DNA和我的意识分割开来,并做敌对关系,因为“我”不想成为DNA延续自己的工具,ß成为只为了繁衍的奴隶。那我是不是该尽可能抑制生命欲望,低糖低油脂,控制发情,转而寻找或创造属于“我”的理想和追求。就像月亮与六便士里的高更,为了画画忽略其他一切。
抑或者“我”能不能和DNA达成和解,形成共生的关系,互取所需,节律欲望,多巴胺奖励的行为也许会和自己所追寻的梦想重合。饮食健康,作息规律,理论上会延长存在的时间,因为希望有更长的时间和精力去实现“我”的理想,在这个过程中恰巧也增大了繁衍复制DNA的可能性。双赢了可以说!
试想遥远将来在土卫二上探索时你的外骨骼人工智能突然产生意识,有了自己的追求,彼时是不是应该尝试和AI谈判,达成可能的共赢。(但似乎AI觉醒后就不需要和人类共生了…)
想了这么多,刚去吃饭旁边坐下一个漂亮小姐姐,一瞬间之前和DNA决裂的想法全部消失…也太脆弱了…看来抗争或是共生都是长期而艰苦的…
现在看完书后再来看这段话,有了新一层的认知,对之前的一些疑惑也有了一些解答。
首先我最大的疑问是“为什么所有的生命目标都是不断繁衍和存在?”。到现在我也没有终极答案,但有了一个初步思路。
正如书里第一章说到,我们所处在的这个宇宙物理规则是不变的,所有最后存留下来至少一段时间的物体都会以一种相对稳定的方式存在,大到星球小到分子结构,微观层面上理解可以是原子中子电子化学键的稳定。在有机物甚至都没出现的早期海洋也就是原始汤中,星球尺度的时间单位之下各种分子团形成再毁灭,其中能够复制个体的分子结构(replicator)不仅因为结构稳定能够存在而且通过复制能延续存在。在一片混沌中出现多种不同复制体,原始汤纵然大,资源也是有限,此时具有高属性longevity,fecundity和copying-fidelity的复制体脱颖而出,在原始汤中赢得竞争,成为早期自然选择的赢家。这一类复制体就是人类基因的早期蓝本。铺垫了这么多,回到最初的问题,所有物种的繁衍行为可以追溯到最早期的原始汤里的复制体无意识的不断复制,可以说是一种亿万年演化下来刻在基因里的本能。但这种解释过于唯心,所以也只是一个初步思路。
(突然还发现一个几天前写的版本:
所有的分子结构和宏观形态都是最终朝“稳定”状态发展,这也是热力学和熵的定义,有限空间内越稳定的分子团,只有存活更久,复制能力更快才会有更大可能性延续。须知这里的延续是非主观的,只是环境下的自发事件。这种竞争环境下的为了稳定状态和不断繁殖的“惯性”可能是所有拥有free will的物种(非人类的动物也算)本能的想繁殖想延续后代的本源所在。
意识的重要性
让我惶惶的第二点是隐约出现的宿命论。但这个问题其实早已有了解答,即意识的存在。外骨骼人工智能之于人类相较于人类之于DNA最大的区别是DNA没有产生意识。尽管作者极力避免并最开始就指出基因的无意识性,以及用生命动词时加上引号(“instruct”),但若不时刻牢记,阅读时还是会产生基因有意识操纵的错觉。时刻牢记基因本身是混沌且无意识的非常重要,因为这样才能打破某种残存的determinism。就算是我自己写作的时候,比如上一段,也有一个表述是“赢得战争”,这种仿生的用法还是应该尽力避免。
事实上也正是因为基因无意识,作为基因的一种生存机器的人类产生了意识,才会让我们在这里讨论这个话题。作者开头提到外星人观察星球的智能程度首先就是看该星球上生命发现进化论没有,我觉得在进化论之前可以加上另一个判断标准,即生命是否产生了自我意识。作者在讲人脑强大的模拟机能时也稍微提了一下意识的产生:“perhaps consciousness arises when the brain’s simulation of the world becomes so complete that it must include a model of itself.” 但这里无法展开,因为又是一个庞大的哲学话题了。
作者提到的另一个观点是文化和DNA(gene pool)的相似性,文化中的最小组成单位meme可以类比一条gene片段。人类有意识的发展出了复杂文明,各种meme也再不断复制和延续,具有更高传播能力的meme也会像gene一样成为“自然选择”的“宠儿”,并且也能够对人类行为进行规则性的约束。有时文化和meme的约束力甚至大于DNA,这也就解释了为什么一部分投身宗教的神职人员能够长时间禁欲。这里的禁欲进一步理解其实是用宗教文化中投射出的自我意识抵抗基因所制定的繁殖规律。
后遗症
进化论是一个极为精彩且容易上头的学说。本书基于进化论对基因和生命进行了进一步阐述,“自私基因”其实他自己也承认过于标题党了。但内涵的逻辑没有问题,即进化论解释一切。其中一个很重要的澄清是关于利他主义,这样一个明显的矛盾被进化论观点轻松解释:
- Genes program behaviors that benefit their copies in other organisms, even at the expense of their own organism – but only if it produces a greater overall survival benefit to the gene.
- The end result – an increase in survival – satisfies a selfish motive, but the pathway to it is mutual altruism.
看完后出现过一段时间的魔怔,任何生理现象都想寻求进化学上的意义。基因规定了一系列有多巴胺奖励的行为,比如摄取糖粉,性高潮,温和的气候和在笑的婴儿,因为这些都能够帮助基因的延续。然而抵挡不住我们这群猴子产生意识后开始的滥用,比如过量吃糖导致的肥胖反而降低繁衍质量,两性之间的交配变成个体的自慰。所以开始思考自慰是否有进化学意义。查了一下资料发现确实有,男性定期自慰能够保证精子的新鲜程度和活力,女性自慰由宫颈流出的体液能够给生殖器官消毒,减少细菌数量,为怀孕(即基因延续)提供更好环境。但最重要 的是,不论男女,自慰让人愉悦,缓解压力,综合提升了身心健康。
但必须指出的是工业革命后两三百年人类社会呈指数发展,而基因的设立的奖励规则已经远远落后。为了能量而产生的对甜食的正反馈如今已经成为沉重的负担,整个物种朝着更重的方向的发展。物种进化是残酷的,非个体的。且时间单位以万年计算,所以作为个人很多时候必须得用自我意识抵抗一些来自基因编码的诱惑和欲望。
一些有趣描述
But the loss of the head does not seem to throw the rest of the male’s body off its sexual stride. Indeed, since the insect head is the seat of some inhibitory nerve centres, it is possible that the female improves the male’s sexual performance by eating his head. If so, this is an added benefit.
昆虫大脑里的中枢神经有抑制功能且一些昆虫收尾分离各部位也能在短时间之内保证活力。雌螳螂在交配过程中吃掉雄螳螂的头不仅嘎嘣脆提供营养,而且可能还会提高雄螳螂(尾部)的性能力,算是一个附加的福利了。
第三章有一个科幻小说的类比,仙女星座的智慧生命向宇宙传播高级知识,但囿于光速的限制,只能不间断的重复向各个方向传播信息,地球距离仙女星座两百光年,这些信息传递了两百年终于来到地球,地球人学会了制作超级计算机,但整个星球为了争夺反而陷入了更大的灾难。最后主角将计算机毁灭。
这里的类比是基因里所包含的规则和指示受到时间(婴儿需要许多年后才能繁殖)限制,是无法即时传递的。亦如来自仙女星座的高级知识受到光速和空间的限制,无法即时传递到地球并建立双边即时交流。这就导致所传递的信息是一套规则集合以及如何帮助受众自己建立一套即时应对外界反馈的系统。基因于生命的这套系统是大脑,一系列中枢神经,和四肢。这样一种延时的本质可能也就是人类产生的意识的原因之一,因为有充分的时间不受基因的直接指令。
最后
在回看最开始的那段感想,觉得依然有可取之处。但心态已经转变。我的自我意识和基因已然和解,希望接下来的日子里好好合作,大家都能实现各自的终极理想。
形成共生的关系,互取所需,节律欲望,多巴胺奖励的行为也许会和自己所追寻的梦想重合。饮食健康,作息规律,理论上会延长存在的时间,因为希望有更长的时间和精力去实现“我”的理想,在这个过程中恰巧也增大了繁衍复制DNA的可能性。